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type="text/css"></style> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm_haa cl"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=62" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a><h1 class="xs2">文章</h1> </div></div> <div class="kjkjb"> <div class="bm vw" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="h hm"> <div class="zxtoux"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=54876&size=small" /></div> <h1 class="ph">光学中的“特殊效应” </h1> <p class="xg1"> 时间：2018-5-23 09:17<a class="zz" href="home.php?mod=space&uid=54876">作者：update</a> 阅读<em id="_viewnum">(1004)</em> 评论: <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=comment&id=6657&idtype=aid" title="查看全部评论"><em id="_commentnum">5</em></a></p> <div class="zxfb" ><a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=62" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a></div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarytop]--><div id="diysummarytop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="s"> <div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>今天由光电资讯公众号提供的光学理论课给光学人带来的是一些特殊效应，这些效应到底有什么特别，请各位光学人看看这篇文章吧！</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content"><div> 猫眼效应</div><div><br></div><div> 因自然界有许多宝石当把它<a href="http://optics.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">加工</a>成弧面形琢型后，在其弧面上出现一条明亮并具有一定游动性（闪光或活光）的光带，宛如猫眼细长的瞳眸而得名，而现今猫眼则特指金绿宝石猫眼，而其它具有猫眼效应的宝石则需在其前加上宝石的名称，如磷灰石猫眼、矽线石猫眼等。</div><div><br></div><div> 猫眼有一双深不可测、变化无穷和充满灵气的眼睛而成为人类的宠物。宝石作为自然界中的石之精品，其中有相当一部分品种当以一定切磨方式切割并在光照下，呈现与猫的眼睛十分相似的景象，宝石学中把这种现象冠以“猫眼效应”。</div><div><br></div><div> 人们对猫眼认识和利用已有很悠久的历史，古代斯里兰卡曾以产金绿猫眼而闻名于世，其成品不仅传遍东方，而且遍布世界各地；中国对猫眼的认识和利用始于元代，当时人们认为猫眼石是猫儿死了之后，埋于深山化为二睛有关。从猫眼发现至今有许多不同的名称或俗称：“猫眼石”，“波光石”、“猫儿眼”、“猫精”、“猫睛”、“狮负”、“游彩或游彩效应”以及“迁彩”等。</div><div><br></div><div> 石英等<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">晶体</a>中含有纤维状、管状、针状内含物。这些内含物平行排列与宝石的结晶方向一致时，如果把它切磨成凸面形，使内含物与底面平行，当光照射到宝石上时，这些内含物对光产生集中发射作用，这时，人们可以见到宝石中出现了一条明亮的光带，我们称之为活光，如果转动宝石，活光也随之而闪动，类似猫的眼睛。随着宝石的晃动或改变光照的角度，光线能灵活地移动或者自由地开合变化，由宽变窄或一条亮带成二三条再合成一条亮带，从宝石中放射出令人捉摸不定的智慧之光，充满了活气、灵气，就如黑夜中猫的眼睛一样。这种奇特的光学现象便叫猫眼效应。</div><div><br></div><div> 产生条件</div><div><br></div><div> (1)含大量平行排列的包裹体，或宝石是由纤维状、长柱状的矿物沿一定方向组成。包裹体可以是气液包裹体，纤维状、针状晶体(如金红石、电气石等)或晶体在生长过程中留下的管状、空洞(如负晶、拉长的气泡等)，也可以是各种成因的片晶或宝石中一组定向的解理纹。</div><div><br></div><div> (2)宝石必须切磨成底面平行包裹体平面的弧面型，如两者不平行(有一定的角度)，则猫眼的眼线位置不居中，甚至消失。</div><div><br></div><div> 影响猫眼宝石眼线的出露宽度和亮度的因素主要为宝石的折射率和弧面型宝石的高度。如猫眼效应由宝石所含包裹体产生，包裹体的折射率与宝石的折射率差值越大，则眼线越亮。对某一特定宝石来说，其折射率值是固定的，从包裹体反射出来的反射光焦点平面的高度是一定的，所以只有当弧面型宝石的高度与反射光焦点平面的高度一致时，宝石眼线才表现为一条窄而亮的光带；不一致时，则为一条宽而稀疏的光带，亮度也相对降低。</div><div><br></div><div> 星光效应</div><div><br></div><div> 晶体内细小密集呈平行排列的纤维状或针状的包体或晶纹或定向解理对光的反射而形成的特殊光学效应，它的产生原理与与猫眼形成机理相同，如果是只有一组这样包体等，就是所谓的猫眼效应了。</div><div><br></div><div> 如果是三组、六组、十二组的，就分别是三组、六组、十二组星光效应了。在平行光线照射下，以弧面形切磨的某些珠宝玉石表面呈现出两条或两条以上交叉亮线的现象，称为星光效应。常呈四射或六射星线，分别称为四射星光或六射星光。星光效应多是由于内部含有密集排列的两向或三向包体所致，星光效应应多数是由所含的密集平等排列的针状、管状或片状包体造成的，也有由于结构特征、固溶体出溶或纤维状晶体平行排列，特定的结构对可见光的折射和反射作用引起的。</div><div><br></div><div> 变色效应</div><div><br></div><div> 变色效应是一种特殊的宝石光学效应，是由于宝石内部的致色元素对光波能量的选择性吸收达到平衡而造成的。</div><div><br></div><div> 金绿宝石具有变色效应，它在日光照射下呈绿色，而在白炽灯光照射下呈紫红色，这种现象称为变色效应。其原因是这种金绿宝石由铬致色，有两个透光区，一个是绿色波段，一个是红色波段，由于日光成分中绿光偏多，所以在日光照射下绿色加浓，宝石就呈现绿色，而白炽灯光中红色成分多，所以在白炽灯照射下红色加浓，宝石呈现红色。具变色效应的金绿宝石称为变石；另一种较独特的具有变色效应的宝石是变色水铝石，其变色的范围更广，可达四种颜色或以上：宝石在阳光下呈现猕猴桃绿色，在烛光下呈现干邑粉色，混合光下呈现绿色、粉色和姜黄色调等。</div><div><br></div><div> 具变色效应的宝石有：土耳其的变色水铝石、哥伦比亚含钒蓝宝石、东非含钒电气石、泰国绿色蓝宝石、立方氧化锆变石、合成刚玉变石、合成尖晶石变石、石榴石、萤石等。</div><div><br></div><div> 砂金效应</div><div><br></div><div> 日光石内含有大量的薄片状赤铁矿或针铁矿包裹体。这些包裹体呈现出火红色或褐红色，在光的照射下反射能力强，而显出一种金黄色到褐色色调的火花闪光，常称砂金效应。透明宝石、玉石中光泽较强的包裹体或共存矿物界面反射光或折射光（并引起干涉）而呈现的耀眼闪光。具这种闪光的石英称耀石英或砂金石英；具这种闪光的长石称日长石或日光石。有的文献将石英中有绿色包裹体，在白色背景上呈现鲜艳闪光或绿色石英岩表面呈现云母片的闪光（如东陵石），也归之为砂金效应。有的甚至将沸石、玻璃中的类似闪光均归入砂金效应。这类广义的砂金效应可以是均匀的，也可以是条片状、点状的闪光，有或没有特定的颜色。</div><div><br></div><div> 晕彩效应</div><div><br></div><div> 光波因<a href="http://opticalfilm.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">薄膜</a>反射或洐射而发生干涉作用，致使某些光减弱或消失，某些光波加强，而产生的颜色现象称为晕彩效应。如拉长石的晕彩，可称为拉长石晕彩。</div><div><br></div><div><p microsoft="" yahei",="" simsun;="" background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);="" text-align:="" center;"="" center;="" 255);"="" style="text-align: center; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(143, 143, 143);"><b style="word-wrap: normal;"><font size="5" style="word-wrap: normal;">欢迎关注OECR公众号</font></b></p><p microsoft="" yahei",="" simsun;="" background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);="" text-align:="" center;"="" center;="" 255);"="" style="text-align: 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