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type="text/css"></style> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm_haa cl"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=62" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a><h1 class="xs2">文章</h1> </div></div> <div class="kjkjb"> <div class="bm vw" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="h hm"> <div class="zxtoux"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=54876&size=small" /></div> <h1 class="ph">一份认清谷歌地图里光学相关应用的清单 </h1> <p class="xg1"> 时间：2017-7-27 12:16<a class="zz" href="home.php?mod=space&uid=54876">作者：update</a> 阅读<em id="_viewnum">(1086)</em> 评论: <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=comment&id=5902&idtype=aid" title="查看全部评论"><em id="_commentnum">5</em></a></p> <div class="zxfb" ><a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=62" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a></div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarytop]--><div id="diysummarytop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="s"> <div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>十多年前第一次被公开以来，全世界遍布对谷歌地图满怀敬畏的用户。谷歌地图里面有哪些关于光学方面的应用呢？请看看这份清单吧。</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content"><div> 利用谷歌地图，我们能在全球间接远程免费旅游。除了基本的计算机和互联网，不需要其他任何东西，我们就能在任意城市任意景区随意游览。谷歌地图以垂直向下或斜向下的角度展示地球表面各种分辨率的图像，让我们可以看到城市和房屋。今天为大家带来的是一份认清谷歌地图里光学相关应用的清单。</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201707/27/121548rzw9ew7iv7xvdvhh.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201707/27/121548rzw9ew7iv7xvdvhh.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div> 1，谷歌地图源自EarthViewer 3D，EarthViewer 3D是由Keyhole公司开发的程序，Keyhole是一家从事地理空间数据可视化应用的<a href="http://opticaldesign.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">软件</a>开发公司。EarthViewer最初发布于2001年，是第一款互联网上数据近乎不限量的高质量3D图像<a href="http://b.oecr.com/sell" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">产品</a>，使卫星和航空图像能向公众开放。2004年10月，谷歌公司并购了Keyhole公司，一年后将EarthViewer当作谷歌地图重新发布。</div><div><br></div><div> 2，一般来说，谷歌地图的工作方式是将卫星图像、航空摄影和地理信息系统(GIS, geographic information systems)压缩到一个三维球体上运行。从本质上讲，这种方式创建了一个关于整个地球的多兆兆字节巨幅高分辨图像。谷歌地图上的大部分图片都是由商业卫星拍摄的，一些图片由市州政府提供给谷歌，一些图片甚至是由安装在风筝和热气球上的高分辨率相机拍摄的。</div><div><br></div><div> 3，从空间捕获图像与从地面拍摄是二种完全不同的活动，从空间拍摄会极大地影响卫星和成像组件的硬件和软件设计。当你谈到从空间采集图像的时候，你得意识到我们的卫星是从南极到北极，因此它们有一半时间在白天，一半时间在夜晚。因此，温度变化也很极端，大多数情况下，从夜晚到白天能相差几百度。因此，我们必须确保卫星上的温度能保持恒定。为此，我们加了保暖毛毯，确保<a href="http://electronic.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">电子</a>产品有恒定温度，这意味着数据能始终一致，并且准确无误。</div><div><br></div><div> 4，另一个关键因素是稳定，任何小的摇晃或震动都能导致图像模糊或几百米范围的失效。也许最重要的部分是光学成像系统，其设计是为了捕获地球表面（包括陆地、水、冰、沙、路面、建筑等）反射的太阳光。随后，这些数据被压缩并传送回地球进行处理和存档。例如，WorldView-3每秒能传送1.2GB数据到地球。除了全色和多光谱图像数据，大多卫星还能收集RGB色之外的数据，包括近红外和短波红外数据。DigitalGlobe的卫星光学有效载荷包括光学望远镜和<a href="http://sensor.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">传感</a>器子系统。望远镜中的光学组件包括一个1.1m通光口径镜头，一个主镜、副镜、三镜和二个折叠后视镜，还有一种用来固定的专用纤维<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">材料</a>。望远镜还配有管状组件和能像防晒板或棒球帽一样工作，防止阳光直射望远镜的遮阳罩，这些料件能帮助维持光学对准。</div><div><br></div><div> 5，制造1.1m镜头时，曲率需要达到真正的完美，因为最后会影响数据质量。你需要完美的透镜曲率，以便能精确捕获地球的反射光。Harris公司空间&情报系统部商业成像经理Craig Oswald 指出，Harris公司刚好专注这些精密组件，多年来一直为DigitalGlobe提供光学望远镜装置和传感器子系统。把从我们的传统望远镜中获得的能力应用到DigitalGlobe的中型光学系统，配以高MTF（modulation transfer function，调制传递函数）、瞄准线稳定、结构精密，光学系统波前误差很低，这台望远镜的独特之处还在于热控制光学系统，其设计目的是为了确保光学和相关结构能对准。</div><div><br></div><div> 6，在地面上，很多材料会吸收少量的水或湿气。然而，一旦到太空中，水就会被释放，会在几微米范围轻轻晃动望远镜。因此，Harris利用了一种DigitalGlobe客户想要的能生成高分辨率影像的独特专利纤维材料。Harris所有的光学组件都是利用磁流变抛光（MRF）技术精<a href="http://optics.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">加工</a>制成的，MRF技术是一种基于流体的精密光学抛光方法，能用极少的缺陷制成复杂的高精度光学表面。主镜制造和精准对齐非常困难，但用MRF能帮助我们精简抛光，降低成本，加快进度。</div><div><br></div><div> 7，相机本身也是独特的。他不使用快门，而是它配备了用推扫式传感器制成的一个成像栅，传感器阵列垂直于飞行器飞行方向。这类传感器比其他类型的传感器能采集更多光线，因为它们长时间专注于一个特定区域，就像在一台相机上长时间曝光。根据Navulur的说法，在一个给定的区域经过一次，这些传感器能捕获的范围宽度是16公里（约10英里），长度是100-200公里，即单点扫描一次约10000平方公里。它们还能通过一起扫2大块的方式扫描邻近区域。因此，一次扫描100x100平方公里，卫星能捕获的面积是10000——15000平方公里。传感器捕获的这些数据随后会聚焦到CCD数字芯片阵列上，8——12组阵列（取决于各个卫星），每组包含10000——12000个探测器。Harris还制造这些传感器子系统，因为信噪比高，所以提取的信息会更纯。</div><div><br></div><div> 8，数据处理单元是真正的主力。用6千兆比特/秒的速度产出大量图像，它们全都必须传回地面。因为DigitalGlobe不采用没有压缩的图像，他们依赖Harris的技术压缩，以便能更快地将图像传回地面。该相机还配备时间延迟集成装置，根据卫星飞过哪种类型的地球表面，自动控制探测光量。比如说，如果你正捕捉水的反射光，因为全部光被水吸收，信号很小，你需要慢下来扫描，以便采集更多的光。但是，在沙子和冰上，就非常不同，因为太多光被反射。还需要确定，在采集这些数据时，系统处于不饱和状态。尽管有手动设置，但大部分时间，还是让卫星自己计算正确设置。</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201707/27/121559ajt7c97d07ndy9ov.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201707/27/121559ajt7c97d07ndy9ov.jpg"></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 25.2px;">欢迎关注光电<a 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