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type="text/css"></style> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm_haa cl"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=62" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a><h1 class="xs2">文章</h1> </div></div> <div class="kjkjb"> <div class="bm vw" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="h hm"> <div class="zxtoux"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=54876&size=small" /></div> <h1 class="ph">解析菲涅尔透镜的原理及应用（1） </h1> <p class="xg1"> 时间：2016-2-24 10:52<a class="zz" href="home.php?mod=space&uid=54876">作者：update</a> 阅读<em id="_viewnum">(2230)</em> 评论: <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=comment&id=4069&idtype=aid" title="查看全部评论"><em id="_commentnum">5</em></a></p> <div class="zxfb" ><a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=62" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a></div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarytop]--><div id="diysummarytop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="s"> <div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>菲涅尔透镜作用有两个：一是聚焦作用；二是将探测区域内分为若干个明区和暗区，使进入探测区域的移动物体能以温度变化的形式在PIR上产生变化热释红外信号。菲涅尔透镜的在很多时候相当于红外线及可见光的凸透镜，效 ...</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content"><div><b>1.菲涅尔透镜</b></div><div> 菲涅尔透镜 (Fresnel lens) ，又称螺纹透镜，是由法国<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">物理</a>学家奥古斯汀•菲涅尔（Augustin•Fresnel)发明的，他在1822年最初使用这种透镜设计用于建立一个玻璃菲涅尔透镜系统--灯塔透镜。菲涅尔透镜多是由聚烯烃<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">材料</a>注压而成的薄片，也有玻璃制作的，镜片表面一面为光面，另一面刻录了由小到大的同心圆，它的纹理是利用光的干涉及扰射和根据相对灵敏度和接收角度要求来设计的，透镜的要求很高，一片优质的透镜必须是表面光洁，纹理清晰，其厚度随用途而变，多在1mm左右，特性为面积较大，厚度薄及侦测距离远。</div><div><br></div><div> <u>菲涅尔透镜作用有两个：一是聚焦作用；二是将探测区域内分为若干个明区和暗区，使进入探测区域的移动物体能以温度变化的形式在PIR上产生变化热释红外信号。菲涅尔透镜的在很多时候相当于红外线及可见光的凸透镜，效果较好，但成本比普通的凸透镜低很多。多用于对精度要求不是很高的场合，如幻灯机、<a href="http://opticalfilm.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">薄膜</a>放大镜、红外探测器等。</u></div><div><br></div><div><b>2.菲涅尔透镜的历史</b></div><div> 通过将数个独立的截面安装在一个框架上从而制作出更轻更薄的透镜，这一想法常被认为是由布封伯爵提出的。孔多塞(1743-1794)提议用单片薄玻璃来研磨出这样的透镜。而法国物理学家兼工程师菲涅尔亦对这种透镜在灯塔上的应用寄予厚望。根据史密森学会的描述，1823年，第一枚菲涅尔透镜被用在了吉伦特河口的哥杜昂灯塔（Phare de Cordouan）上；透过它发射的光线可以在20英里（32千米）以外看到。苏格兰物理学家大卫·布儒斯特爵士被看作是促使英国在灯塔中使用这种透镜的推动者。</div><div><br></div><div><b>3.菲涅尔透镜的基本原理</b></div><div> 菲涅尔透镜的工作原理十分简单：假设一个透镜的折射能量仅仅发生在光学表面（如：透镜表面），拿掉尽可能多的光学材料，而保留表面的弯曲度。</div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201602/24/104715lw3wi31uf078wyfn.jpg"></div><div style="text-align: center;">传统透镜结构变化</div><div>另外一种理解就是，透镜连续表面部分"坍陷"到一个平面上。如图：</div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201602/24/104715c50owwz0cjg53j55.png" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201602/24/104715c50owwz0cjg53j55.png"></a></p></div><div> 从剖面看，其表面由一系列锯齿型凹槽组成，中心部分是椭圆型弧线。每个凹槽都与相邻凹槽之间角度不同，但都将光线集中一处，形成中心焦点，也就是透镜的焦点。每个凹槽都可以看做一个独立的小透镜，把光线调整成平行光或聚光。这种透镜还能够消除部分球形像差。</div><div><br></div><div> 简单地说，菲涅尔透镜一面是平坦的，另一面是凸起的。人们首次使用菲涅尔透镜是在18世纪初，当时它被用在灯塔的探照灯上，聚焦射出来的光束。当人们需要一面又薄又轻的透镜时，塑料菲涅尔透镜便派上了用场。尽管成像质量不如玻璃透镜，但是在很多应用中我们并不需要完美的图像质量。</div><div><br></div><div> 菲涅尔透镜的原理基于菲涅尔波带片，菲涅尔波带片具有类似透镜的作用，它可以使入射光汇聚起来，产生极大的光强。</div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201602/24/104957zrfopozzzi7iyoor.png" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201602/24/104957zrfopozzzi7iyoor.png"></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201602/24/104956fedclrvfgftcclrt.png" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201602/24/104956fedclrvfgftcclrt.png"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div>菲涅尔透镜背后的基本思想很简单。想象一下，取一面塑料放大镜并将其切成一百个同心圆环（就像树的年轮）薄片。每个圆环都比旁边的圆环稍微小一点，并将光会聚到中心。现在，取出并修改每一个圆环，使其一边平坦并且与其余圆环等厚。为了保持圆环向中心会聚光线的能力，各个圆环的斜面的角度将有所不同。现在，若将所有圆环堆叠在一起，就可以得到一面菲涅尔透镜了。当然也可以将透镜做得特别大。大型菲涅尔透镜经常用作<a href="http://solar.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">太阳能</a>聚光器。</div><div><br></div><div><b>4.菲涅尔透镜的分类</b></div><div> <b>4.1从<a href="http://opticaldesign.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">光学设计</a>上来划分：</b></div><div> a)正菲涅尔透镜：</div><div> 光线从一侧进入，经过菲涅尔透镜在另一侧出来聚焦成一点或以平行光射出。焦点在光线的另一侧，并且是有限共轭。</div><div> 这类透镜通常设计为准直镜（如投影用菲涅尔透镜，放大镜）以及聚光镜（如太阳能用聚光聚热用菲涅尔透镜。</div><div style="text-align: center;"><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201602/24/105043hv31x3vas1tsoxeo.png" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201602/24/105043hv31x3vas1tsoxeo.png"></a></p></div><div> b)负菲涅尔透镜 ：</div><div> 和正焦菲涅尔透镜刚好相反，焦点和光线在同一侧，通常在其表面进行涂层，作为第一反射面使用。</div><div><br></div><div><b> 4.2从结构上划分：</b></div><div> 1)圆形菲涅尔透镜</div><div> 2)菲涅尔透镜阵列</div><div> 3)柱状菲涅尔透镜</div><div> 4)线性菲涅尔透镜</div><div> 5)衍射菲涅尔透镜</div><div> 6)菲涅尔反射透镜</div><div> 7)菲涅尔光束分离器和菲涅尔棱镜。</div><div><br></div><div><b><i>续：解析菲涅尔透镜的原理及应用（2）</i></b></div><div><br></div><div style="text-align: center;"><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201602/24/105126t36fx6uznifvkxvz.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201602/24/105126t36fx6uznifvkxvz.jpg"></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;">欢迎关注光电<a href="http://news.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">资讯</a>微信公众号，每天将由光电工程师<a href="http://club.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">社区</a>网站(oecr.com)编辑团队为您精选行业动态，科技资讯，技术解析，光电<a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=list&catid=62" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">科普</a>等精彩内容。 </span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:'Times New 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