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type="text/css"></style> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm_haa cl"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=62" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a><h1 class="xs2">文章</h1> </div></div> <div class="kjkjb"> <div class="bm vw" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="h hm"> <div class="zxtoux"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=54876&size=small" /></div> <h1 class="ph">『每日一普』激光制冷的原理到底是什么呢？ </h1> <p class="xg1"> 时间：2016-1-22 13:24<a class="zz" href="home.php?mod=space&uid=54876">作者：update</a> 阅读<em id="_viewnum">(2357)</em> 评论: <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=comment&id=3899&idtype=aid" title="查看全部评论"><em id="_commentnum">5</em></a></p> <div class="zxfb" ><a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=62" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a></div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarytop]--><div id="diysummarytop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="s"> <div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>激光冷却是利用激光和原子的相互作用减速原子运动以获得超低温原子的高新技术。激光冷却固体也被称之为光学冰箱，其概念早在1929年就由德国物理学家彼得 普林斯海姆提出。</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201601/22/135516lc7rwyxuywvysewv.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201601/22/135516lc7rwyxuywvysewv.jpg"></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <a href="http://laser.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">激光</a>冷却是利用激光和原子的相互作用减速原子运动以获得超低温原子的高新技术。</span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">激光冷却</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">固体也被称之为光学冰箱，其概念早在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">1929</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">年就由德国<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">物理</a>学家彼得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">普林斯海姆提出。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 1.8em; background-color: white;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; background-color: white;"> 一、激光制冷<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">理论</a>的发展史</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">1985</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">年美国国家标准与技术研究院的菲利浦斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">(willam D.Phillips)</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">和斯坦福大学的朱棣文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">(Steven Chu)</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">首先实现了激光冷却原子的实验，并得到了极低温度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">(24nK)</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">的钠原子气体。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.0pt"><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">他们进一步用三维激光束形成磁光阱将原子囚禁在一个空间的小区域中加以冷却，获得了更低温度的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">"</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">光学粘胶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">"</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.0pt"><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">之后，许多激光冷却的新方法不断涌现，其中较著名的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">"</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">速度选择相干布居囚禁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">"</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">"</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">拉曼冷却</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">"</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">，前者由法国巴黎高等师范学院的柯亨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">-</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">达诺基</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">(Claud Cohen-Tannodji)</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">提出，后者由朱棣文提出，他们利用这种技术分别获得了低于光子反冲极限的极低温度。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.0pt"><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">此后，人们还发展了磁场和激光相结合的一系列冷却技术，其中包括偏振梯度冷却、磁感应冷却等等。朱棣文、柯亨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">-</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">达诺基和菲利浦斯三人也因此而获得了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">1997</span><span style="text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">年诺贝尔物理学奖。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 1.8em; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background-color: white;"><font face="Tahoma, sans-serif"> </font></span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; background-color: white;">二、激光制冷的原理到底是什么呢</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 25.2px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 25.2px; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; background-color: white;"> 我们知道，日常生活中经常需要用到这种种降温手段，在工业生产里面，降温更是至关重要。常用的空调或者冰箱并不能够将温度改变太多，最多也就能够达到零下几十摄氏度的样子。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 25.2px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"> 然而，在很多科学研究工作中，科学家需要非常低的温度，也因此需要更多不同的降温措施。比如说研究超导体，就往往需要在接近绝对零度的温度下进行<a href="http://opticaltest.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">测量</a>和研究。这些一般是通过和液氮（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">77K</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">，零下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">196</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">摄氏度）或者液氦（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">4.2K</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">，约零下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">269</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">摄氏度）相接触来将实验的系统保持在那么低的温度，或者通过和稀释制冷机相接触来获得仅仅比绝对零度高几个毫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">K</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">（千分之一度）的温度。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 25.2px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 1.8em; background-color: white;"> 更进一步，在关于冷原子气体的研究中，需要用非直接接触的方法获得比这些还要更接近绝对零度的温度，这就需要激光来帮忙了。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 1.8em; background-color: white;"> 大家可以想象一个战争的场面。失控的战车冲向战壕，战壕里的战士向战车不断开枪，子弹击中战车并弹向四面八方。如果仔细看战车的速度，我们会发现由于子弹的撞击，战车的速度会越来越小，激光冷却原子便是相似的过程。如上图<a href="http://display.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">显示</a>的，激光器发出的光子就像子弹一样，如果光子在钠原子上发生“散射”，那么向右运动的钠原子在激光的作用下速度会越来越慢。仔细说来，光子在钠原子上发生的并不是散射，而是光子将钠原子的<a href="http://electronic.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">电子</a>激发到激发态，然后电子跃迁回来的时候会放出一个方向不确定的光子。在一段时间内，钠原子吸收的光子有特定方向，而放出的却没有，所以原子会被光束减速。这样，原子的动能有个和光子的能量相关的不确定性，这也给出了激光冷却能够得到的最低温度。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"> 如果你还没有意识到“速度变慢”和降温的关系的话，那么让我来提醒一下。我们所说的温度，在物理学家看来，其实描述了构成物体的那些微观粒子的运动状态。粒子运动的平均速度越大，物体温度就越高，越小则温度越低。热力学温度里的绝对零度（即零下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">273.15</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">摄氏度），便是当所有粒子运动速度为零时的温度。这是一个极限温度，没有任何人可以实现真正的绝对零度，但科学家正在朝着这个方向一步一步迈进，激光冷却技术便是其中的关键一步。当一团钠原子气体里的大部分原子被激光渐渐减速，气体对应的温度也越来越低，这样就实现了“降温”的过程。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 1.8em; background-color: white;"> 但你也许会问，怎么这么巧，纳原子刚好向着激光的方向运动，它不应该是四面八方的吗？惹不起，还躲不起吗？</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 1.8em; background-color: white;"> 高压钠灯的发射谱线</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 1.8em; background-color: white;"> 需要这考虑到光和原子相互作用的问题——并不是所有波长的激光都能够和原子相互作用。原子内部的电子能级发生变化的时候，会放出或者吸收特定波长的光，这构成了原子的发射光谱或者吸收光谱。每一条谱线都是有一定的宽度，光波长越接近吸收谱线的中心位置，激光就越容易影响原子，原子只会对这些特定颜色的光起反应，而对远离谱线位置的光视而不见。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 1.8em; background-color: white;"> 为了冷却所有的原子，我们需要能够控制减慢哪些原子。对于向着激光运动的原子来说，我们希望能减慢他们的速度，对于远离激光运动的原子来说，我们不希望把它们推的越来越快。激光冷却技术的实现，得益于多普勒效应的存在。光波和声波都是波动，当物体相对于波动的源头运动的时候，它感受到的波长和频率都会发生变化。向着我们运动的火车发出的鸣笛，听起来要比远离我们运动的火车声调要高一些。同样，远离我们运动的恒星发出的光，在我们看来要显得波长更长、频率更低一些。</span><a href="data/attachment/portal/201601/22/135232o2bbbsb2uubgb7t0.jpg" target="_blank" style="line-height: 1.8em;"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201601/22/135232o2bbbsb2uubgb7t0.jpg"></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 1.8em; background-color: white;"> 激光冷却原子的示意图，选择激光的波长在原子谱线偏红（波长偏长）的一侧，这样可以实现原子的减速。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 1.8em; background-color: white;"> 这样，只要我们将激光的波长选择在原子谱线略微比中心位置的波长大一些的一侧，那么由于多普勒效应，向着激光运动的原子感受到的波长会显得短一些（蓝移），因此作用强烈；而背离激光运动的原子感受到的波长会更长一些（红移），因此不会受到作用。这样，如果在前后左右上下六个方向都有一束激光的话，就可以保证把原子的速度降低下来。通过这种方法，科学家们可以将原子气体的温度降低到绝对零度之上不到千分之一度的低温。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 1.8em; background-color: white;"> 三、激光冷却应用与新进展</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"> 激光冷却超冷原子不仅在科学实验中有重要<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">学术</a>价值，而且在高科技中也具有重大的应用前景。特别是对于玻色</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">-</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">爱因斯坦凝聚态研究、广义相对论的验证、原子频标和原子干涉仪研制等。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">2002</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">年度的诺贝尔物理学奖，授予美国科学家维曼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">(CarlE.Wieman)</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">、康奈尔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">(EricA.Cornell)</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">和德国科学家克特勒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">(Wolfgang.Ketterle)</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">，表彰他们在实现玻色</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">-</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">爱因斯坦凝聚工作中做出的突出贡献。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">2003</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">年，麻省理工与美国宇航局科学家联合进行的实验达到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">5x10^(-10)</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">℃纳开尔文。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">2009</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">年，德国波恩大学的研究人员应用激光冷却，在几秒内使稠密的铷气便从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">350</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">℃骤降至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">280</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">℃。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#444444;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">2014</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">年，中国计量科学研究院李天初和同事们共同努力，将</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">NIM5</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">喷泉钟精确度达到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">2000</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">万年不差一秒，被接收为国际计量局认可的基准钟之一。这使我国成为第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">8</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">个参与驾驭国际原子时的国家，在国际标准时间产生过程中不仅拥有话语权，更具备了表决权。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">2015</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">年，麻省理工学院科学家激光冷却钾钠气体分子，达到了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">5x10^(-7)</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">℃。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;"> 英国萨塞克斯大学官网称，该校物理学家使用微波辐射，将单个原子冷却到了绝对零度（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">-273.15</span><span style="line-height: 1.8em; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); background: white;">摄氏度）附近。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span 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