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type="text/css"></style> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm_haa cl"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=58" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a><h1 class="xs2">文章</h1> </div></div> <div class="kjkjb"> <div class="bm vw" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="h hm"> <div class="zxtoux"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=10207&size=small" /></div> <h1 class="ph">创新封装提高LED的光输出、寿命和可靠性 </h1> <p class="xg1"> 时间：2010-6-8 09:48<a class="zz" href="home.php?mod=space&uid=10207">作者：乏味</a> 阅读<em id="_viewnum">(9067)</em> 评论: 0</p> <div class="zxfb" ><a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=58" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a></div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarytop]--><div id="diysummarytop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="s"> <div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>HB-LED的效能也许会广受宣扬，但封装却是该市场中值得注意的方面。从晶粒中获得光，让它经过密封剂和透镜，以均匀可靠的颜色照射到应用目标的表面，并保持很长的寿命，这的确是一项挑战。</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content">HB-LED的效能也许会广受宣扬，但封装却是该市场中值得注意的方面。从晶粒中获得光，让它经过密封剂和透镜，以均匀可靠的颜色照射到应用目标的表面，并保持很长的寿命，这的确是一项挑战。LED制造商通过为这些器件采用创新封装来完成这项任务。HB-LED用户也许并未意识到：四大制造商Cree、Nichia、Osram和Philips Lumileds公司控制着几乎全部HB-LED芯片。虽然中国是数百家LED芯片制造商的所在地，但这些厂商只生产10 mA~70 mA电流的器件，它们最终是被用作指示器，不能用作<a href="http://light.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">照明</a>器件。其余的HB-LED厂商多半是微型HB-LED芯片封装商，而这些芯片购自四大制造商。<BR><BR> <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/08/094717zy9zvz9i0vhv00fw.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/08/094717zy9zvz9i0vhv00fw.jpg"></A><BR><BR>图1. 制造商一般将SMT封装用于1W至3W和功率更高的HB-LED，这是因为与底部PCB的紧密接触能更快散热（左）。他们一般将通孔封装用于0.5W LED（右）。SMT HB LED包含LED芯片、基底、密封剂和初级透镜。<BR><BR>LED晶粒研发不断追求更多流明，正在促成LED在新市场与新应用中的使用。而同样重要的，是制造商的封装方法。这些方法可提高效率，来满足固态照明、汽车、标牌和<a href="http://medicine.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">医疗</a>等独特应用的需要。如需为自己的应用选择最佳HB-LED，你需要了解它的封装以及它的制造商用于“排列”并精确放置尽可能多的光子的方法。封装会影响光提取、热提取和流明维护率，这些都是LED的重要特征。光提取决定了发射的光线有多少将到达预定应用；热提取会影响LED芯片将经受多少热量，因此影响它的寿命和性能；流明维护率表明LED的寿命。HB-LED封装决定（或至少强烈影响）了上述所有三个特征，而它们又会影响LED的性能、寿命和可靠性。<BR><BR>HB-LED目前没有标准化的封装尺寸。与IC、MOSFET和多数无源部件等其它<a href="http://electronic.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">电子</a>元件不同的是，所有HB-LED制造商都使用独有的封装。对于那些希望为自己的<a href="http://b.oecr.com/sell" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">产品</a>准备第二货源的LED设计者而言，这种做法可能让其心烦，但LED封装包含了LED芯片、密封剂、初级光学器件和基底的复杂组合。20 mA～70 mA指示器型LED的封装通过其引线散热。环氧树脂密封剂充当透镜，并为晶粒和引线提供刚性保护结构。与低功率LED相比，HB-LED必须依靠为其封装准备的更强散热能力，并且它们一般采用SMT或通孔封装（图1）。SMT往往用于1W或功率更高的HB-LED，这是因为它直接装在散热片上，而通孔封装一般适合于0.5W~1W的中等HB-LED。<BR><BR>LED芯片在取向附生结构中产生光。理想状况下，所有的孔/电子组合都会带来光子。但<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">材料</a>特征与缺陷会导致某些组合产生的热多于光。下一个难题是从晶粒获得光子，这是因为芯片各层、密封剂和透镜之间在折射率方面有所不同。空气的折射率约为1，而某些晶粒材料的折射率约为1.4。两种材料的折射率差异导致光线在超过特定角度时，会在边界反射回去。在从LED芯片提取光方面，总体内部反射是最大的阻碍。<BR><BR>为了制造白光HB-LED，制造商们用一种磷光体覆盖蓝光LED，该磷光体在受到蓝光照射时，会发出白区的光。以最高效率把蓝光转变成白光的磷光体开发工作是一些LED厂商的IP的一部分，他们从其他厂商购买LED芯片，然后把它们与自己研制的磷光体混合物放入封装中。由于LED芯片的折射率很高，因此封装需要在空气与芯片/磷光体组合之间设置过渡层。该过渡层还充当保护层和透镜。Avago公司光电子产品部固态照明与<a href="http://display.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">显示</a>器产品营销经理Kee Yean Ng指出：低功率指示用LED使用环氧树脂密封剂，但环氧树脂在暴露于高热和紫外线照射时往往会变黄。他说：“硅酮目前几乎是通用材料，兼作HB-LED封装的透镜和密封剂。”硅酮既帮助提取光，也帮助保护芯片免受空气和湿气的影响。<BR><BR>一些HB LED是表面发射型，意味着多数光来自晶粒顶面。但是，许多HB-LED，特别是HB-LED封装商采购的那些器件，是边缘发射型，并且封装必须改变光的方向，使它从封装顶部出来。存在几种专有方法来改变边缘发射光的方向。一种方法是表面打毛，它是一种次级制造<a href="http://optics.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">工艺</a>，可使表面粗糙，来使它对内部光的反射率降低。Lumex公司采用初级光学器件（它们是HB-LED封装的一部分），它们精确地改变光的方向，使其到达顶部（图2）。<BR></P> <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/08/094724egn881u8udugg1ww.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/08/094724egn881u8udugg1ww.jpg"></A></P> <P>图2. Lumex HB SuperBeam LED使用内部初级反光器来把边缘发射光从晶粒反射到封装顶部。<BR><BR>多数不产生光子的电子-孔组合会产生热量，这是LED寿命面临的最大缺陷。LED越热，产生的光越少。另外，所有制造商都在室温制定其LED的规格并做<a href="http://opticaltest.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">测试</a>，使用测试脉冲代替连续电流，因此LED从不会变热。但实际上，当LED处于接通状态时，LED的结温并不会处于室温。散热性能也会影响LED寿命：结温越高，LED寿命将会越短。温度较低的LED由于发热低而损失的光线较少，具有更高效的光输出，寿命更长。<BR><BR>你可以查看热阻额定值，来比较各种LED的散热性能。额定值越低，结和焊点之间的温差越小。任何LED系统的散热路径都始于焊点，并包括LED的外壳、它所在的PCB，以及它的热界面材料。这些散热设计步骤正是工程师们用于确定电源MOSFET工作点的那些步骤。尽管你无法<a href="http://opticaltest.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">测量</a>LED芯片的结温，但你可以测量焊点温度，确定经过LED的功率，并用它来计算结温。结温有助于理解流明维护率，即预计LED在其工作温度能保持正常工作状态多长时间。<BR><BR>流明维护率是LED在其工作寿命内能保持初始光输出的时长百分比。LED的主要失效方式不是像白炽灯那样烧坏，而是随时间推移变暗。流明维护率是一个商定的数字，它定义了LED的寿命终止，一般为L70，意思是LED最终发射的光是它刚投入使用时在最大输出所<a href="http://light.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">发光</a>线的70%。Energy Star对固态照明的要求也把寿命设为L70。Cree公司产品营销经理Paul Scheidt说：“我们做了许多高温测试，发现HB-LED的首要退化方式在于封装本身。如果你使封装保持低温，则芯片不会随时间退化那么严重，也许只退化2%～3%，与若干年内总共退化30%相比，不算是很大的作用因素。”主要失效方式在于硅酮和塑料等封装内部材料的退化。在不同温度和光强度，两种材料随时间退化的程度不同。<BR><BR>LED的老化、可靠性和寿命问题不是简单问题：高功率LED问世时间不够长，不能提供寿命测试数据。常见的LED寿命数据是5万小时，即将近6年，这比最近推出的高功率LED及其封装问世的时间还长。但是，如果制造商是在不同于实际应用的环境中测量出5万小时寿命，那么知道LED的这个寿命又有多大用处呢？例如，闪光灯也许只需要1千~2千小时寿命。那些不需要5万小时完整寿命的用户想知道如何计算不同工作条件下的寿命数据。Scheidt说：“我们有4个所谓的关键参数：结温、驱动电流、焊点温度、环境温度。知道这些参数，用户就能很好地估算寿命会有多长，而不仅是估计它们是否会达到5万小时。”(作者：Margery Conner， 来源: EDN China)</P></td></tr></table> <!--[diy=diycontentbottom]--><div id="diycontentbottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <script src="data/cache/home.js?eOg" type="text/javascript"></script> <div id="click_div"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="atd"> <tr><td> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=click&op=add&clickid=1&idtype=aid&id=736&hash=d59a7823fc344331b3921d859d7d851d&handlekey=clickhandle" id="click_aid_736_1" onclick="showWindow(this.id, this.href);doane(event);"> <div class="atdc"> 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