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type="text/css"></style> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm_haa cl"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=58" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a><h1 class="xs2">文章</h1> </div></div> <div class="kjkjb"> <div class="bm vw" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="h hm"> <div class="zxtoux"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=10207&size=small" /></div> <h1 class="ph">揭秘美新型高空望远镜 由波音747改装 </h1> <p class="xg1"> 时间：2010-6-4 08:40<a class="zz" href="home.php?mod=space&uid=10207">作者：乏味</a> 阅读<em id="_viewnum">(1143)</em> 评论: 0</p> <div class="zxfb" ><a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=58" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a></div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarytop]--><div id="diysummarytop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="s"> <div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>北京时间6月2日消息，据美国《国家地理》网站报道，经过历时13年的规划和建造，美宇航局最新型高空望远镜揭开其神秘面纱。</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content">北京时间6月2日消息，据美国《国家地理》网站报道，经过历时13年的规划和建造，美宇航局最新型高空望远镜揭开其神秘面纱。这台望远镜搭载于一架经过改装的波音747“珍宝客机”上，于上周首次睁开其红外线“眼睛”，进行科学观测。<BR> <BR>1.飞机上的望远镜 <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083612oqnosn4bx41akbsh.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083612oqnosn4bx41akbsh.jpg"></A></P>飞机上的望远镜(图片来源：Jim Ross, NASA)<BR> <BR>这台望远镜全称“同温层红外天文观测台”(简称SOFIA)，重达17吨重，一旦安装在747客机机身后面的滑动门打开，它就能进行科学观测。据任务经理介绍，SOFIA望远镜填补了现代天文学的一项重要空白。这个不同寻常的观测平台可以看到相当于太空红外望远镜观测到的全部红外光的80%，而发射和维护费用却只是太空红外望远镜的一小部分。<BR> <BR>全美大学空间研究联合会(USRA)SOFIA科学任务操作主管埃里克-杨说：“从其所在的同温层，SOFIA能够在地球大气中阻滞99%红外光的水蒸气上方飞行，使得我们可以在夜空中观测目标，而这对于地面望远镜来说是力所不能及的。”<BR> <BR>2.SOFIA镜头下的木星 <BR> <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083618n4k3h0mzs23nhf43.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083618n4k3h0mzs23nhf43.jpg"></A></P> SOFIA镜头下的木星(图片来源：Anthony Wesley (left)；image courtesy NASA)<BR> <BR>5月26日，在执行首次科学任务中，SOFIA望远镜在3.5万英尺(约合1.07万米)的高空进行了长达八小时的观测。SOFIA望远镜在这次任务中拍摄了大量红外照片，其中一张就是独特的木星彩色照片，以前所未有的清晰度展现了这颗行星的热量(图右)。而地面望远镜最近拍摄的一张可见光照片则<a href="http://display.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">显示</a>木星上的云团所呈现奇特的条状(图左)。<BR> <BR>SOFIA望远镜对木星的观测立即给天文学家留下深刻印象，因为它展现了大量的白色带状物，大量红外线辐射正从那里逃逸。SOFIA高级科学顾问埃里克-贝克林(Eric Becklin)说：“那晚的最大成就是飞机上的科学家记录到木星的照片。SOFIA的合成照片显示，木星形成以后捕获的热量，正通过木星云团中的空洞，从其内部不断涌出。”<BR> <BR>3.SOFIA望远镜“睁开眼” <BR> <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/08362499lrfm2x26jf1r8f.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/08362499lrfm2x26jf1r8f.jpg"></A></P> SOFIA望远镜“睁开眼”(图片来源：Tom Tschida, NASA)<BR> <BR>在5月份的地面<a href="http://opticaltest.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">测试</a>中，随着波音747客机的后门打开，SOFIA望远镜孔径达8.2英尺(约合2.5米)的主镜开始捕捉红外线。测试在美宇航局位于加利福尼亚州帕姆代尔的德莱顿飞行研究中心进行。SOFIA望远镜安装在波音747客机的一个球形轴承上。据SOFIA任务团队介绍，通过这个球形轴承，SOFIA望远镜就能像“安设在山顶一个10米高水泥台上的望远镜一样的稳定”。<BR> <BR>后门边上的定制偏转装置有助于让强风不会直接冲击望远镜。利用其独特的空中平台，SOFIA望远镜的红外光仪器应该可以穿透星际气体和尘埃，去研究恒星与行星的形成，了解生命所必需的有机物的演变，甚至观测位于遥远星系中心的黑洞的运转机制。<BR> <BR>4.SOFIA望远镜内部一瞥 <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083630zbtknb5zm1gi11n8.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083630zbtknb5zm1gi11n8.jpg"></A></P><BR> SOFIA望远镜内部一瞥<BR> <BR>SOFIA望远镜并不是波音747客机上唯一的科学仪器。如这张照片所示，2009年9月，科学家和工程师正在测试恒星追踪装置和用于控制 SOFIA望远镜的其他设备，同时处理相关数据。由于地球自转的影响，天体看上去在空中总是以弧线形运转，所以，无论是地面望远镜还是太空望远镜，只能观测到在落于地平线以下前，停留时间足够长的目标。<BR> <BR>波音747客机的大范围活动能力，加上操作人员可以遥控望远镜瞄准目标，帮助SOFIA任务科学家可以连续数小时追踪目标。在第一次观测任务中，一个由10名科学家和工程师组成的国际小组用了近八个小时搜集许多天体的数据。美宇航局希望，从2010年开始，SOFIA望远镜每年至少可以进行累计1000个小时的空中科学观测。<BR> <BR>5.给FORCAST摄像机降温 <BR> <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/0836362t2yxlortk2kw2ht.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/0836362t2yxlortk2kw2ht.jpg"></A></P> 给FORCAST摄像机降温(图片来源：Tony Landis, NASA)<BR> <BR>在5月份的测试中，工程师小心翼翼地将液氦冷冻剂注入SOFIA望远镜的“模糊目标红外摄像机”(FORCAST)周围的套管。FORCAST 摄像机由美国康奈尔大学的一个研究团队设计和建造，是第一台可以接收来自望远镜镜面红外光的仪器。为能够在红外光下进行科学观测——看到的基本上是热量，FORCAST摄像机需要在超低温状态下运转——只比绝对零度(零下459.67华氏度或零下273.15摄氏度)高几度。<BR> <BR>即便是太空低温环境下，美宇航局“斯皮策”太空望远镜也需要加注液氦冷冻剂，令其大部分红外摄像机保持运转。在连续运行五年多以后，“斯皮策” 太空望远镜的冷冻剂于2009年5月耗尽，不过，它的两台观测器仍能够“温暖”工作。<BR> <BR>6.<a href="http://opticaltest.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">测量</a>空心 <BR> <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083641uqdgt000vvzm6g2g.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083641uqdgt000vvzm6g2g.jpg"></A></P> 测量空心（图片来源：Schott GmBH）<BR> <BR>在这幅未标注日期的照片中，一名技术人员正为宽9.8英尺(约合3米)，重8377磅(约合3800公斤)的SOFIA主镜测量“空心”。主镜由玻璃陶瓷合成<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">材料</a>制成，受热后不会膨胀，对“空心”进行打磨是主镜制造过程的组成部分。SOFIA的主镜在德国制造。<BR> <BR>7.SOFIA的蜂巢镜 <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083648gj5lnr638ba6gnqg.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083648gj5lnr638ba6gnqg.jpg"></A></P>SOFIA的蜂巢镜（图片来源：NASA的罗恩·斯特朗）<BR> <BR>拍摄于2004年10月，SOFIA的主镜等待最后的反射性金属镀层。通过从背后照亮，主镜的蜂巢形内部结构暴露无遗。SOFIA的主镜由玻璃陶瓷合成材料制成，需要进行切割减轻重量，以便改装后的波音747喷气机搭载。经过切割和打磨这两大“瘦身”工序，主镜的直径变成8.2英尺(约合2.5 米)，重量只有1900磅(约合862公斤)。<BR> <BR>8.完美反射 <BR> <P><A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083656a0raggglpdrnjd2n.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083656a0raggglpdrnjd2n.jpg"></A></P> <P> 完美反射（图片来源：NASA）<BR> <BR>拍摄于美国宇航局位于加利福尼亚州的埃姆斯研究中心，两位身穿无尘服的技术人员躺在镀镜室的地板上。他们的倒影出现在刚刚完成镀层的SOFIA 主镜上。这个玻璃陶瓷合成材料制成的反射镜被镀上一层高反射率的铝，以便在最大程度上将来自遥远物体的光线反射到悬在上方的一个较小的次镜上。次镜随后又将光线反射到安装在主镜中部的第三个反射镜上。第三个反射镜通过反射，让光线穿过一个长管，最后抵达望远镜的焦点。<BR> <BR>与望远镜的反射镜一样，镜室的重量也必须足够轻以便于波音747搭载。鉴于天文望远镜的特殊性，SOFIA的镜室由碳纤维强化塑料制成。这种材料主要被用于网球拍和帆船船壳的制造。<BR> <BR>9.SOFIA回家</P> <P> <A href="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083701gmem6uii8tm8zdyk.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201006/04/083701gmem6uii8tm8zdyk.jpg"></A><BR><BR>SOFIA回家（图片来源：NASA的吉姆·罗斯）<BR> <BR>2008年1月15日，SOFIA飞抵加州帕姆戴尔的德里登飞机运营设施上空。几个月前，美国宇航局最终敲定由德里登充当SOFIA的永久性操作基地。2010年5月26日，SOFIA完成第一次科研飞行。很多研究人员都希望登上这架红外观测飞机飞向蓝天。天文学家希望SOFIA在2011年之前完成数十次例行观测，截至2014年的每年飞行次数可达到150次。如果一切按计划进行，SOFIA这个观测宇宙的“飞眼”还能再服役20年。（作者：孝文 来源：新浪环球地理）</P></td></tr></table> <!--[diy=diycontentbottom]--><div id="diycontentbottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <script src="data/cache/home.js?eOg" type="text/javascript"></script> <div id="click_div"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="atd"> <tr><td> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/home.php?mod=spacecp&ac=click&op=add&clickid=1&idtype=aid&id=700&hash=d5a9206b1a45e1eb47a8db1eb47f29d5&handlekey=clickhandle" 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