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<div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>科学家们已经开发出一种追踪软材料中动态分子特性的新方法，其中包括追踪传播热量、声音和其他形式的能量的波的高频分子振动。</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content"><div> 美国能源部布鲁克海文国家实验室的科学家们已经开发出一种追踪软<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">材料</a>中动态分子特性的新方法，其中包括追踪传播热量、声音和其他形式的能量的波的高频分子振动。在软性材料如聚合物或液晶化合物中控制这些振动波可能会导致一系列激发灵感的创新——从隔热和隔声材料，到将废热转化为电能，或者将光转化为<a href="http://machine.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">机械</a>运动的方法。</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201706/13/094223r8kvydeffv7e7tvv.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201706/13/094223r8kvydeffv7e7tvv.jpg"></a></p></div><div><br></div><div> 在刚刚发表在《Nano Letters》上的论文中，科学家们介绍了利用在国家同步辐射光源II（NSLS-II）上新建成的具有前所未有的能量分辨率的非弹性X射线散射（IXS）束，来监测振动在液晶化合物的三种相中的传播。他们的研究结果表明，随着温度的升高，<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">纳米</a>结构发生的变化——因为液晶变得不那么有序了——极大地扰乱了振动波的流动。因此，选择或改变分子的“相”或排列方式，可以控制振动和能量的流动。</div><div><br></div><div> “通过调整结构，我们可以改变该材料的动态性能，”布鲁克海文国家实验室的<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">物理</a>学家Dima Bolmatov说，他是该论文的第一作者。</div><div><br></div><div> 该技术也可用于研究其他软性系统如生物膜或任何复杂流体中的动态过程。</div><div><br></div><div> “例如，我们可以看看细胞膜内的脂质分子是如何相互联合在一起产生氧或二氧化碳等更小的分子可以穿过的微小的多孔区域——从而可以观察气体交换是如何在鳃和肺上进行的，”Bolmatov说。</div><div><br></div><div> 如果没有NSLS-II——这台位于布鲁克海文实验室的能源部科学用户设备办公室所属的一台设备，我们不可能拥有追踪如此快速的动态特性的能力。NSLS-II产生了极其明亮的X射线，可以用于广泛的科学领域的研究。</div><div><br></div><div> 在IXS光束上，科学家用这些X射线轰击样品，并以0.002<a href="http://electronic.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">电子</a>伏的能量精度<a href="http://opticaltest.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">测量</a>了它们损失或获得的能量，以及它们从样品上散射出来的角度——甚至是很小的角度。</div><div><br></div><div> “能量的交换告诉了我们要使某些分子以波动的形式振动需要多少能量。散射角度探测了振动在样品内部传播不同长度——从一个单一分子到几十纳米的情况。NSLS-II上的新IXS光束线可以以前所未有的精度来分辨这些长度，”Yong Cai说，他是IXS光束线的首席科学家。</div><div><br></div><div> “软材料中的这两个参数——散射角和能量——从来没有得到如此精确的测量。因此，该光束线的技术特性使我们能够对振动进行精确的定位，以及在不同的方向和不同的长度上追踪它们的传播——甚至在缺乏有序的固体结构的材料中，”他补充说。</div><div><br></div><div> 在这项关于液晶的研究中，布鲁克海文实验室的科学家和他们来自肯特州立大学和奥尔巴尼大学的合作者在三个不同温度下进行了测量——在这三个温度下，材料从一个有序的<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">晶体</a>相，转换成没有那么有序的“近晶相”状态，最后变成一个“各向同性”的液体。他们很容易地<a href="http://opticaltest.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">测试</a>了振动波透过最有序的相的传播，并证明无序的出现会“杀死”那些能量低的“声剪切”的传播。声剪切振动与分子在垂直于传播方向上的压缩有关。</div><div><br></div><div> “知道有序的固体材料和无序的软材料之间的动态边界在哪里给我们提供了一种在纳米尺度上控制能量传输的途径，”Bolmatov说。</div><div><br></div><div> 在“近晶”相中，科学家们也观察到了一种与分子倾斜相联系的振动。这种振动可以与光相互作用并吸收光，因为这些振动的太赫兹频率与红外光或热波的频率相匹配。因此，改变材料的性质可以控制这些形式的能量在材料中运动的方式。Bolmatov说，这些变化可以通过像这个实验中所做的那样改变材料的温度来达到，还可以利用外加电场或磁场来实现。</div><div><br></div><div> 这为所谓的声子或光机应用铺平了道路，在这些应用中声音或光与机械振动耦合在了一起。这种耦合使得我们能够通过施加外部光和声音来控制材料，或者反过来通过控制材料来控制光和声音。</div><div><br></div><div> “我们都很熟悉在<a href="http://display.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">显示</a>屏中使用液晶的光学性质的应用，”Bolmatov说。“现在我们发现了可以进行控制或操纵的可以用于新应用的新属性。</div><div><br></div><div> 该团队将继续在IXS上进行软材料的研究，包括计划在今年夏天进行的嵌段共聚物，纳米粒子组装体，脂质膜，以及其他液晶实验。</div><div><br></div><div> “此IXS光束线现在也对外部用户开放——包括那些对这些软性材料及其他软性材料和生物过程感兴趣的科学家，”Cai说。</div><div><br></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201706/13/094652oqqhaz9iya3c089z.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201706/13/094652oqqhaz9iya3c089z.jpg"></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 25.2px;">欢迎关注光电<a href="http://news.oecr.com" target="_blank" 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name="comment_anchor_13001"></a> <dl id="comment_13001_li" class="ptm pbm bbda cl"> <dt class="mbm"> <span class="y xw0 xi2"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="portal_comment_requote(13001, '5759');">引用</a> </span> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-11534.html" class="xi2 xw1" c="1">路英宾</a> <span class="xg1 xw0">2017-6-13 17:07</span> </dt> <dd>报告！别开枪，我就是路过来看看的。。。</dd> </dl><a name="comment_anchor_12999"></a> <dl id="comment_12999_li" class="ptm pbm bbda cl"> <dt class="mbm"> <span class="y xw0 xi2"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="portal_comment_requote(12999, '5759');">引用</a> </span> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-10601.html" class="xi2 xw1" c="1">它山之石</a> <span class="xg1 xw0">2017-6-13 16:37</span> </dt> <dd>路过</dd> </dl><a name="comment_anchor_12997"></a> <dl id="comment_12997_li" class="ptm pbm bbda cl"> <dt class="mbm"> <span class="y xw0 xi2"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="portal_comment_requote(12997, '5759');">引用</a> </span> <a 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