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class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>MIPT（莫斯科物理技术学院）和俄罗斯科学院空间研究所的物理学家们研发出一种光学技术，以“校正”来自遥远恒星的光，该技术将显著提高望远镜的性能并使其能够直接观测系外行星。其研究成果已发表在《Journal of Ast ...</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">MIPT</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">（莫斯科<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">物理</a>技术学院）和俄罗斯科学院空间研究所的物理学家们研发出一种光学技术，以“校正”来自遥远恒星的光，该技术将显著提高望远镜的性能并使其能够直接观测系外行星。其研究成果已发表在《</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">》期刊上。</span> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">在太阳系之外探测到第一颗系外行星发生在</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">20</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">世纪后期，现在我们已经探测到超过</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">2,000</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">颗系外行星。在没有特殊工具的情况下几乎不可能观察到行星本身发出的微弱光线，因为它被其母星的辐射渗透并“掩盖”住了。因此，系外行星是通过间接方法发现的：当行星经过恒星的尘埃盘前面时，通过探测恒星的光度方面的微弱周期波动来发现系外行星（中天法），或者通过行星的引力作用造成的恒星本身的光谱平移振动来发现系外行星（径向速度法）。</span> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">最近，天文学家们首次能够直接获取系外行星的图像。到目前为止，他们已经拍摄到</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">65</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">张这样的图像。为了获取这些图像，科学家们使用了恒星日冕仪，该仪器首创于上世纪</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">30</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">年代，用于观测日食外部的太阳日冕，也被称为太阳日冕仪。这类设备的内部拥有焦距掩模——“人造月亮”，它阻断某部分的视场，最终，焦距掩模覆盖太阳尘埃盘，同时揭示昏暗的日冕。</span> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">为了用这种技术进行恒星观测，需要一台精度和分辨率级别更高的望远镜，以适应日冕仪。与地球最相近的类地型行星的轨道的外观尺寸约为</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">0.1</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">弧秒。这个值接近现代太空望远镜的分辨率极限（例如，哈勃太空望远镜的分辨率约为</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">0.05</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">秒）。为了去除地基望远镜中的大气畸变效应，科学家们采用了</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">AO</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">——能在改变形状的同时适应大气状态的反射镜。在某些情况下，某些系统能够以</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">1</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">纳米</a>的精度维持反射镜形状，但这类系统无法与大气动态变化保持一致，而且极其昂贵。</span> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">由</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">Alexander Tavrov</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">领导的研究团队找到了一种方法，在获得最高分辨率的同时使用相对简单且廉价的</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">AO</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">系统，</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">Alexander Tavrov</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">是</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">MIPT</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">的副教授，也是俄罗斯科学院空间研究所行星天文学实验室的负责人。</span> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">研究人员采纳了“极不平衡干涉仪（</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">EUI</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">）”的想法，该想法由日本国立天文台的科学家</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">Jun Nishikawa</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">提出。传统干涉法将具有大致相等强度的光波合并为单个波前，以生成清楚、清晰的图像。</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">EUI</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">光被分为两道光束（弱和强），它们的振幅的近似预设比值为</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">1:10</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">。弱光束穿过</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">AO</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">系统，在此之后两道光束再次合并，并互相干涉，如图</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">1</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">。结果就是，弱光束使强光束“变平滑”，从而可以显著降低波前畸变和恒星散斑图（随机干涉图案）的作用。</span> </p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201609/21/114327wwo5wzwwo5wo9pwp.png" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201609/21/114327wwo5wzwwo5wo9pwp.png"></a></p><p align="center" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">图<span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">1.<span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></span>到达望远镜反射镜的恒星图像，然后它穿过提高图像对比度的<span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">AO</span>系统，所得出的信号经过<span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">EUI</span>并被传输至日冕仪<span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">.</span></span> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">团队带头人</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">Alexander Tavrov</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">指出：“通过使用相对简单的光学装置，我们能够以通过日冕仪直接观测类地型行星所必需的质量获取图像对比度。当然，相比国外的研究成果，我们的系统需要更复杂的控制技术，但与此同时，我们的系统对温度稳定性的依赖性要低很多，这大大简化了其在太空中的运行。”</span> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">在计算机模拟的帮助下，他们确定了系统的近似特性。根据计算结果所得出的方案能提供大约</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">10-9</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">的图像对比度。此外，计算结果表明</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">EUI</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="http://display.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">显示</a>出了消色差，例如，像差随波长的增加而降低。</span> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">未来，科学家们计划建造一台实验室样机并进行大量实验。就像</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">Alexander Tavrov</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">所指出那样：“我们想要通过望远镜观察遥远的世界，但这意味着遥远的世界可能也会观察到我们。在未来</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">50</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">到</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">100</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">年之内，先进技术足以做到这一点，其精度比我们现在能达到的精度高出很多倍。”</span> </p><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">（曹</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">强</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">译自</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">'Smoothed' light for directly imaging exoplanets</span></span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">，</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://phys.org/" style="font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); text-decoration: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8;"><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 10.5pt;">http://phys.org/</span></a></span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">，</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt; color: rgb(70, 70, 70); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2016-03-30</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; line-height: 1.8; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 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