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type="text/css"></style> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm_haa cl"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=61" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a><h1 class="xs2">文章</h1> </div></div> <div class="kjkjb"> <div class="bm vw" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="h hm"> <div class="zxtoux"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=54876&size=small" /></div> <h1 class="ph">昆虫生物学研塑造未来机器人 </h1> <p class="xg1"> 时间：2016-2-16 10:42<a class="zz" href="home.php?mod=space&uid=54876">作者：update</a> 阅读<em id="_viewnum">(1929)</em> 评论: <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=comment&id=4008&idtype=aid" title="查看全部评论"><em id="_commentnum">5</em></a></p> <div class="zxfb" ><a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=61" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a></div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarytop]--><div id="diysummarytop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="s"> <div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>人类通过对昆虫各种能力的研究，并将昆虫的特性运用到机器人身上，让未来机器人越来越智能。现在已经报道出来的有了沟通协作的蚂蚁机器人（让我想到了热映的蚁人）、避免密集飞行时发生碰撞的机器蝴蝶、可在狭窄空间 ...</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content"> 人类通过对昆虫各种能力的研究，并将昆虫的特性运用到机器人身上，让未来机器人越来越智能。现在已经报道出来的有了沟通协作的蚂蚁机器人（让我想到了热映的蚁人）、避免密集飞行时发生碰撞的机器蝴蝶、可在狭窄空间运动的蟑螂机器人、立体书式的可弹出的微型蜜蜂机器人，近期澳大利亚研究人员在利用黄蜂导航机制，可有助于无人机和自动驾驶机器人轻松找到回家的路。这些机器人是运用了昆虫的哪些特性？<div><b>1.蚂蚁机器人</b></div><div><div>德国自动化公司费斯托公司发布量两款仿生机器人，去年他们发布了一款袋鼠机器人，之前还发布过海鸥机器人，蜻蜓机器人。今年费斯托公司发布了两款仿生机器人，分别是蚂蚁机器人和蝴蝶机器人。</div><div>BionicANT仿生蚂蚁机器人，旨在展示在自然环境下的合作行为。像真正的蚂蚁一样，BionicANT仿生蚂蚁机器人遵循简单的规则设定，能够自主进行操作，能够同一时间一起完成大规模，复杂的任务。</div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110130aehhqama8vl3a0se.png" style="line-height: 1.8em;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><font size="2">蚂蚁之间能够相互沟通，并且协调它们的行动动作和运动方向，一个小团体一起，能够推或者拉比自己大的多的物体。</font></div><div>在硬件方面，这些仿生蚂蚁机器人大部分配件都是3D打印的（<a href="http://laser.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">激光</a>烧结），<a href="http://electronic.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">电路</a>裸露在它们的身体外面，电路也是3D打印的。</div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110131e3kiux4z9pxo1hnc.png" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110131e3kiux4z9pxo1hnc.png"></a></p></div><div>仿生蚂蚁机器人的头部有3D立体摄像头，它们的触角是一个充电的地方。可移动部件，如腿和下颚等，有20个“三角压电陶瓷弯曲<a href="http://sensor.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">传感</a>器”，能够快速高效的移动，并且可以进入很小的空间。</div><div>仿生蚂蚁机器人底部有光学传感器，可以使用地面的红外线标记进行导航。每个仿生蚂蚁机器人体长13.5厘米，重105克。</div></div><div><b>2.蝴蝶机器人</b></div><div><div>德国费斯托公司制造了大量的，以生物为灵感的飞行机器人，但是这个蝴蝶机器人要比其他的仿生飞行机器人要漂亮。每一个都能独立操作，通过能够独立控制的翼来调整自己，按照预编程的路线飞行。</div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110129rt49dt1tvzsvgn6c.png" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110129rt49dt1tvzsvgn6c.png"></a></p></div><div>蝴蝶仿生机器人每只翼展长度是50厘米，重量只有32克。有两台电动机独立的驱动两只翅膀，一个IMU，加速计，陀螺仪，指南针，还有两个90毫安的聚合物电池。</div><div style="text-align: center;"><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110130c3lw3pbt33ch3x4h.png" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110130c3lw3pbt33ch3x4h.png"></a></p></div><div>每秒拍打1-2次翅膀，最高速度可达到2.5m/s，飞行3-4分钟就得充15分钟的电。机翼本身使用的是碳纤维骨架，并覆盖更薄的弹性电容膜。</div></div><div><b>3.蟑螂机器人</b></div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110933id361vq74ld97x6l.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110933id361vq74ld97x6l.jpg"></a></p></div><div><div>美国加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校研究人员受到蟑螂“启发”，最新研制了一种柔性“机器人”，可抗压、降低身形、钻入缝隙，今后或许可以用于救灾探测。</div><div>蟑螂之所以获称“小强”，部分源于其极强的生命力。蟑螂在实验室<a href="http://opticaltest.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">测试</a>中受力相当于体重900倍，却不会受伤。加州大学伯克利分校综合生物学教授罗伯特·富尔25年前观察发现，美洲种属蟑螂的行进速度能达到每秒近1.5米，相当于其身体长度的50倍。</div><div>富尔在学校主持一间实验室，名为“多学科动物移动效能、动能和力学实验室”，历年观察蟑螂、螃蟹和壁虎等动物行走、奔跑、跳跃、爬行、滑行等方式，探究它们运动过程所蕴含的生物力学基本原理，以求改善机器人设计。</div></div><div><div>只是，与蟑螂相比，这一机器人受挤压能力大为逊色，高度只能降低至正常“身高”的一半。</div><div>这种机器人的制作<a href="http://optics.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">工艺</a>类似于手工折纸，简单且成本低廉，目前由加州大学伯克利分校下属一家<a href="http://b.oecr.com/company" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">企业</a>制作成套件，供机器人爱好者自行组装。</div><div>贾亚拉姆和富尔在美国《国家科学院学报》发表论文称，在龙卷风、地震和爆炸等场合，现有绝大多数机器人无法进入废墟，而柔性机器人可通行无阻，帮助探知所处区域是否稳定和安全，发现幸存者所在位置，确定救援人员进入路径。</div><div>富尔说，昆虫无所不在，可以说是地球上“最成功的动物”，借鉴昆虫可以让机器人具备类似的能力；借鉴蟑螂的机器人只是原型，却<a href="http://display.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">显示</a>沿着一个新方向开发柔性机器人的可行性。</div></div><div><b>4.蜜蜂机器人</b></div><div><div>北京时间2月23日消息，美国哈佛大学的科学家研制出类似立体书那样的弹出式微型机器蜜蜂，高度仅2.4毫米。这种机器蜜蜂采用薄片<a href="http://material.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">材料</a>，可以进行快速大规模生产。激活时，机器蜜蜂便从薄片上弹出。科学家表示他们的目标是打造可以独立飞行的机器昆虫群。</div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110516eekcffe099gihdzc.png" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110516eekcffe099gihdzc.png"></a></p></div><div style="text-align: center;">（这个18层结构装有挠性节，允许2.4毫米高的三维机器人一次性完成组装，就像立体书一样）</div><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110132abu5qzau7lacqbcq.png" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110132abu5qzau7lacqbcq.png"></a></p></div><div style="text-align: center;">（机器昆虫的尺寸与一枚美国二角五分硬币相当，能够从薄片中弹出）</div><div> 微型机器蜜蜂的尺寸与一枚美国二角五分硬币相当，一张薄片可以弹出几十只机器蜜蜂。科学家表示他们的设计灵感来源于折纸和立体书。薄片材料由碳纤维、塑料<a href="http://opticalfilm.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">薄膜</a>、钛铜和陶瓷构成，使用激光进行切割，而后由机器人组装，能够实现大规模快速生产。薄片共18层，装有挠性节，允许只有2.4毫米高的三维机器人一次性完成组装，就像立体书一样。</div><div> 哈佛微型机器人实验室多年来一直致力于研制蜜蜂大小的仿生机器人，除了具备飞行能力外，还可以像一个动物群落一样“自治”。实验室的罗伯特-伍德教授表示：“我们能够制造出任何三维外形的完整系统，同时也能够利用预压材料制造自组装装置。对于体积更大的机器人，你可以展开机器人的腿，安装电路板。我们的机器人尺寸很小，因此不能这么做。”</div><div> 接受采访时，伍德指着机器蜜蜂的身体说：“现在，我可以安装芯片、传感器和控制制动器。”目前，哈佛技术开发办公室正在思考如何让这项技术实现商业化。作为这项努力的一部分，他们已经为这项技术申请专利。</div></div><div><b>5.黄蜂导航机器人</b></div><div><div>澳大利亚国立大学的研究人员们，再次证明了“自然要比人类发明者更加聪明”。根据近十年来针对黄蜂（wasps）导航机制的研究，其发现有助于无人机和自动驾驶机器人变得更加智能。该团队仔细研究了在地面筑巢的黄蜂的飞行行为，尽管该物种会飞出很长远的距离，当仍能在觅食后轻松找到回家的路。</div><div>昆虫虽小，但研究明白它们的行为却并非易事。为了深入了解黄蜂的导航问题，团队通过高速立体摄像头监测昆虫眼睛的运动，打造出了如上所示的虚拟视角。</div><div>这一3D模型允许他们追踪和评估黄蜂飞行中接收到的信息，并判断为何如此。有趣的是，黄蜂的行为明显不同于其它昆虫，但这主要归咎于它们的巢穴是在地面上（而不是更高的地方）。</div><div>以蜜蜂为例，它们会在每执行一次熟悉蜂巢外环境的侦查飞行之后，才会真的飞出去觅食一次。相比之下，黄蜂只要每天“自学”一次就够了。</div><div>这么做的好处是可以让黄蜂适应任何环境变化（有时甚至就在一夜之间）。每日飞出去的记忆会和持续的几次进行对比，左右校正可让它们实现更精准的着陆。</div><div>黄蜂会通过巢穴入口地面的新鲜记录进行判别，澳大利亚国立大学Jochen Zeil教授表示：“黄蜂的学习和归巢讷讷管理，比人类所知的还要更加高明，但这并不意味着我们不能借鉴昆虫的这种天分”。</div><div>例如，黄蜂并不需要通过记忆窄视野下的大量信息，因为它们的视觉“全景”且更加广阔，但分辨率要低得多。自主无人机采用这种摄像头机制，有助于显著降低成本和处理问题的难度。</div><div>在不丢失信息的情况下，机器人专家试图替换昂贵的高分辨率摄像头和减少能源消耗。这对视觉导航来说至关重要，我们的研究对其有帮助。</div><div><br></div><div> 一部分研制机器人的专家认为：下一步的研究方向主要是机器人的大小，未来机器人的大小应该和昆虫相仿。如果许多微型机器人通力合作，其功用更是一般<a href="http://machine.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">机械</a>所无法比拟的了。这种昆虫般大小的机器人目前已不再是科幻小说里的主人公。当然要它们在现实生活中出现，还需克服一系列技术上的障碍。其中主要是如何把现在机器人所用的齿轮、杠杆、曲柄、弹簧和其它机械部件缩小到比头发丝还细的程度，同时把传感器、电动机、控制计算机及其他系统装配到一块微晶片上。</div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110143uul0plllydl1ympm.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201602/16/110143uul0plllydl1ympm.jpg"></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5000pt;mso-font-kerning:0.0000pt;">欢迎关注光电<a href="http://news.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">资讯</a>微信公众号，每天将由光电工程师<a 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