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type="text/css"></style> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm_haa cl"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=61" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a><h1 class="xs2">文章</h1> </div></div> <div class="kjkjb"> <div class="bm vw" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="h hm"> <div class="zxtoux"><img src="http://www.oecr.com/uc_server/avatar.php?uid=54876&size=small" /></div> <h1 class="ph">“龙虾”结构光学设计原理 </h1> <p class="xg1"> 时间：2015-11-5 15:02<a class="zz" href="home.php?mod=space&uid=54876">作者：update</a> 阅读<em id="_viewnum">(1542)</em> 评论: <a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=comment&id=3711&idtype=aid" title="查看全部评论"><em id="_commentnum">5</em></a></p> <div class="zxfb" ><a href="http://www.oecr.com/portal.php?mod=rss&catid=61" class="y xi2 rss" target="_blank" title="RSS">订阅</a></div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarytop]--><div id="diysummarytop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="s"> <div class="ss"><div><span>导读： </span>利用全反射的原理进行聚焦，但“龙虾”结构（Lobster eye optics）不是全反射，而是掠反射，当 x 射线沿着很小的角度射向光滑的金属表面（比如金、铂等），就会被反射出来，这种情况叫做掠入射。也就是说，x 射线只 ...</div> </div> <!--[diy=diysummarybottom]--><div id="diysummarybottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <div class="d"> <!--[diy=diycontenttop]--><div id="diycontenttop" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="vwtb"><tr><td id="article_content"><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/150038rom7ylmtynt331ky.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/150038rom7ylmtynt331ky.jpg"></a></p><p><font color="#444444" face="Tahoma, Microsoft Yahei, Simsun"><span style="line-height: 19.0909px;">利用全反射的原理进行聚焦，但“龙虾”结构（</span></font><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;">Lobster eye optics</span><span style="line-height: 19.0909px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun;">）</span><span style="line-height: 19.0909px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun;">不是全反射，而是掠反射，</span><font color="#444444" face="Tahoma, Microsoft Yahei, Simsun"><span style="line-height: 19.0909px;">当 x 射线沿着很小的角度射向光滑的金属表面（比如金、铂等），就会被反射出来，这种情况叫做掠入射。也就是说，x 射线只能几乎贴着金属表面入射，才能被改变一点点方向，反射出来。</span></font></p><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/145952hanv2v88om0gvoxg.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/145952hanv2v88om0gvoxg.jpg"></a></p><p><font color="#444444" face="Tahoma, Microsoft Yahei, Simsun"><span style="line-height: 19.0909px;">“龙虾”结构基本原理，利用两个精心设计的曲面（各自取一部分）对 x 射线进行掠入射反射，然后聚焦到一个点上。</span></font></p><p><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;"><br></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;">现在这个<a href="http://theory.oecr.com" target="_blank" class="relatedlink">理论</a>的研究已经很多了，传统的X-Ray成像系统有很多，较早也较著名的是 Wolter X-ray lenses system 需要注意的是，这里为了示意原理，省略了细节的东西，事实上为了实现非常小的严格的掠入射，处理X-Ray的强穿透性，消除各种像差等影响成像质量的问题，传统的这些系统很复杂，很庞大，当然也很重。龙虾眼类的X-Ray镜片得益于其精巧的成像系统，能够以精密的镜片设计来避免笨重的传统成像系统。但重量轻只是它的一个优势，另外一个重要的优势是，它几乎能实现全视野成像。</span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;">注意看图中的黑色粗线，分别是两条圆锥曲线的一部分，利用圆锥曲线的光学性质，对 x 射线进行反射聚焦。当然严格说来上面这种共焦点（Confocal）的设计并不是最优的，只消除了球差而没有消除其他像差。通过合理设计，可以同时做到消除球差和彗差。在可见光波段，有一个很著名的设计 RC 系统，其实就对应上面的第二种设计，仍然是两个双曲面，只不过不再是共焦点了。</span></p><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/145953cyeyvfq7e3jsp7sv.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/145953cyeyvfq7e3jsp7sv.jpg"></a></p><p><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;">大名鼎鼎的哈勃望远镜采用的就是这种设计，</span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;">图中 M1 和 M2 两个镜片都是双曲面，相当于前面图中第二个设计的对称轴附近的部分。图中 M1 和 M2 两个镜片都是双曲面，相当于前面图中第二个设计的对称轴附近的部分。可以看到对于可见光，反射镜的入射角可以做到很大，所以整个镜片都可以用来反射光线，收集光的能力很高。而 x 射线只能掠入射，因此镜片只能有很窄的一个环带能被用来收集光线，效率较低。为了弥补这个事实，Wolter 望远镜通常都会设计成层层叠叠的形式，每一层都是曲面的一个环带。</span></p><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/145953hw04cvwbkucxcrwc.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/145953hw04cvwbkucxcrwc.jpg"></a></p><p><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;"><br></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;">这是另一种著名的 x 射线光学系统，KB 系统。这种层层叠叠的镜片形式和 Wolter 系统是类似的。Wolter 系统就是传统的 x 射线望远镜，这种层叠的结构是所有 x 射线望远镜的特色，这是由我开头提到的 x 射线只能通过掠入射来改变角度这个根本原因所决定的。</span></p><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/145953zkiz6vi5k7tk15ai.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/145953zkiz6vi5k7tk15ai.jpg"></a></p><p><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;">龙虾眼睛的结构，其中关键的光路如下，这里每一个条状物体就是一个反射面，将很小角度入射的 x 射线反射向焦点。从这个截面看，也许大家会以为它是和 KB 系统或者 Wolter 系统一样的层叠状，但实际上它是方格状的。</span></p><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/145954v0htll995m9t59bk.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/145954v0htll995m9t59bk.jpg"></a></p><p><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;">这种结构比起透镜或者反射镜而言，当然是有缺点的，它不能连续地汇聚光线。由于在两片反射面之间存在多次反射，所以入射光线差一点，出射光线就可能差很多。比如下图最上面两条光线，出射角度相差很大。</span></p><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/145954v6g96c4v4qq9hzbo.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/145954v6g96c4v4qq9hzbo.jpg"></a></p><p><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;"><br></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;">这张图用光线追迹形象地展示了龙虾眼系统的几何像差。</span></p><p><a href="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/154349y20cfvghcgfzff5s.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="data/attachment/portal/201511/05/154349y20cfvghcgfzff5s.jpg"></a></p><p><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;">这种系统的像差是很大的，简言之，用它拍出来的 x 射线照片上，一个星星不是一个点，而是糊成一团的正方形光斑，旁边还有星星点点的其他光斑和光晕，</span><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; line-height: 19.0909px;">比如上图这样，图中颜色深度与光强成正比。这么十字架一样的一坨东西，就是一颗星星，虽然系统像差很大，但是，由于这种系统结构上完全对称，从任何方向过来的 x 射线对它来说都是一样成像的，所以理论上来说，它能够对 360 度的视野进行无差别成像，这也是这个系统的一大优势，几乎是可以实现全视野成像的。</span></p></td></tr></table> <!--[diy=diycontentbottom]--><div id="diycontentbottom" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> <script src="data/cache/home.js?eOg" type="text/javascript"></script> <div id="click_div"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="atd"> <tr><td> <a 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href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-27945.html" class="xi2 xw1" c="1">luckliju</a> <span class="xg1 xw0">2015-11-5 22:16</span> </dt> <dd>支持下哦。</dd> </dl><a name="comment_anchor_2491"></a> <dl id="comment_2491_li" class="ptm pbm bbda cl"> <dt class="mbm"> <span class="y xw0 xi2"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="portal_comment_requote(2491, '3711');">引用</a> </span> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-89584.html" class="xi2 xw1" c="1">ggp2009</a> <span class="xg1 xw0">2015-11-5 21:15</span> </dt> <dd>同学介绍来的，还不错。</dd> </dl><a name="comment_anchor_2484"></a> <dl id="comment_2484_li" class="ptm pbm bbda cl"> <dt class="mbm"> <span class="y xw0 xi2"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="portal_comment_requote(2484, '3711');">引用</a> </span> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-84007.html" class="xi2 xw1" c="1">q137013689</a> <span class="xg1 xw0">2015-11-5 18:15</span> </dt> <dd>太好了，这个。</dd> </dl><a name="comment_anchor_2479"></a> <dl id="comment_2479_li" class="ptm pbm bbda cl"> <dt class="mbm"> <span class="y xw0 xi2"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="portal_comment_requote(2479, '3711');">引用</a> </span> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-121187.html" class="xi2 xw1" c="1">yanghaigang1988</a> <span class="xg1 xw0">2015-11-5 15:45</span> </dt> <dd>LZ是天才，坚定完毕</dd> </dl><a name="comment_anchor_2478"></a> <dl id="comment_2478_li" class="ptm pbm bbda cl"> <dt class="mbm"> <span class="y xw0 xi2"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="portal_comment_requote(2478, '3711');">引用</a> </span> <a href="http://club.oecr.com/space-uid-72778.html" class="xi2 xw1" c="1">cykgg</a> <span class="xg1 xw0">2015-11-5 15:15</span> </dt> <dd>看起来不错</dd> </dl></div> </div> <!--[diy=diycontentcomment]--><div id="diycontentcomment" class="area"></div><!--[/diy]--> </div> <div class="sd pph"> <div class="drag"> <!--[diy=diyrighttop]--><div id="diyrighttop" class="area"><div id="frameG07e2m" class="sy_ltdr frame move-span cl frame-1"><div class="frame-title title"><span 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