能不能翻译出来？

Gallium-Arsenide-Based Solar Cells
Spire Corporation  (Bedford, MA)

Spire Corporation developed a high efficiency (25 percent at 170 suns) gallium arsenide (GaAs)-based solar cell for use in a solar concentrator array under a BMDO SBIR contract. The company recently sold two related GaAs/GaAs concentrator cell arrays with 21 percent efficiency at 3 suns that will fly on the NASA Wide Field Infrared Explorer and the USAF MightySat missions. By using laser light instead of sunlight, Spire’’s solar cell technology has been adapted to convert laser light to electrical power. Spire has sold over 2,000 laser power converters for short-haul fiber-optic links and makes three types of the converters.




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Technology Description:

To construct a tandem concentrator solar cell of gallium arsenide (GaAs) on germanium (Ge) for BMDO, Spire Corporation adjusted an epitaxial growth process that has been used on a range of GaAs-based cells. Also, Spire refined a microfabrication technique using mesa etching and high-temperature metallization to manufacture the GaAs/Ge cells. The company started with a precursor cell of GaAs on a GaAs wafer (GaAs/GaAs) before growing the same epilayers on a Ge wafer.

A solar cell is a semiconductor electrical junction device that absorbs the radiant energy of sunlight and converts it into electrical energy, using the sun as a source of electrical power for systems.




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Spinoff Applications:

The research has spun off into two main product areas: concentrator solar arrays and laser power converters.

Concentrator Solar Arrays: Concentrator solar arrays use optical concentrators such as mirrors or Fresnel lenses to focus sunlight onto the smaller-area solar cells. Concentrating the light on the cell improves the efficiency and reduces the size of the array needed, which lowers the cost. Spire made two different arrays.

•GaAs/Ge: The two-junction tandem GaAs/Ge concentrator cell that Spire made was designed for use in a linear array for an Air Force program. It is useful for aerospace applications requiring low-weight substrates since, as a substrate, the germanium can be made thinner and lighter than gallium arsenide.

•GaAs/GaAs: As part of the GaAs/Ge development, Spire created a single-junction GaAs/GaAs concentrator solar cell with 25 percent efficiency in space (air mass zero) at 170 suns concentration, providing a power output of 0.74 Watts per cell. (The amount of concentration is measured in “suns,” one sun being the intensity of sunlight falling on Earth.) The cell was designed to produce electricity for powering systems on satellites in space. The cells were tested at Sandia National Laboratory, which still lists them as the most efficient GaAs cells (according to “Progress in Photovoltaics,” Solar Cell Efficiency Table, Ver. 9, Vol.5, 1997, pp. 51-54). However, a limitation of concentrator cells is that, because of more stringent alignment requirements of the lens, they are more sensitive to spacecraft misalignments than are flat solar array panels.

A version of these cells, a 1- by 3-cm linear array, operating at a concentration of 3 suns, will fly on the NASA Wide Field Infrared Explorer and the USAF MightySat missions. Even though the shape of the cells are different, the basic GaAs growth process and manufacturing technology is that developed under the BMDO program.

Laser Power Converters: Spire is using its GaAs concentrator technology to make laser power converters (LPCs) to convert laser light into electricity. Laser light from optical fiber or transmitted across free space is directed to the cell at a wavelength the cell responds to and is converted to electricity and transmitted to a component or system as power. The company makes three different types of LPCs. The GaAs/GaAs LPCs are the most popular. However, Spire has also added some indium to the epitaxial growth process to lower the bandgap from GaAs for additional applications.

•GaAs/GaAs LPCs have a cutoff wavelength of 870 nanometers and efficiencies up to 60 percent. GaAs LPCs are mainly used at 800 to 850 nanometers over short fiber links with large-core multimode fibers so that higher power can be launched easily into the fiber (about 1 to 2 Watts). Such laser power converters can be used in transmitting power to sensor instruments in electromagnetically noisy environments. LPCs could be used to power controls and isolate them from high voltage machinery in industrial environments or to limit susceptability to radio frequency noise on a power line to a sensitive sensor. For fusing of explosives, for example, using LPCs on fiber could avoid the danger of a damaged or improperly shielded detonator wire accidentally picking up a radio signal and causing detonation. LPCs on fiber can be used to transmit electricity in grain silos or mines filled with potentially explosive dust.

These LPCs can also transmit power for optical networks and devices. For example, integrating the LPC with an optical transceiver enables the fiber that transmits data to and from the transceiver to also be the source of power for its components—CMOS electronics, LED transmitters, and photodiodes. One fiber can carry all the optical signals needed to send a modulated data query, transmit modulated data replies on a carrier light wave, and power the device.

•In(53%)Ga(47%)As LPCs have a cutoff wavelength of 1670 nanometers and efficiencies up to 35 percent. They work at the 1300- to 1550-nanometer wavelength favored for long fiber links in similar applications to the GaAs LPCs.

•In(70)%Ga(30%)As LPCs have a cutoff wavelength of 2250 nanometers and 22 percent efficiency. They are available for power conversion from longer wavelength free-space transmission by 2,100-nanometer “eyesafe” lasers. They may be useful for possible future fluoride-based fiber systems that lower attenuation by an order-of-magnitude over current silica fibers by using a wavelength beyond 2,000 nanometers.




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Commercialization:

Spire holds many patents on solar cells, which they have been making for 12 years, but none specifically on the BMDO technologies.

In January 1998, Spire sold GaAs/GaAs concentrator cells to Composite Optics to populate two panels for use in two satellite programs: the NASA Wide Field Infrared Explorer and the USAF MightySat missions.

The Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), now the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), funded Spire to examine GaAs cells for terrestrial applications. On Earth, the GaAs/GaAs concentrator solar cell had 28 percent efficiency, but the GaAs made it too expensive for Spire to compete in the terrestrial power generation arena against silicon concentrators that have somewhat less efficiency, but are less expensive.

The company’’s most popular product turned out to be the GaAs/GaAs laser power converters. It has sold over 2,000 converters to instrumentation and sensor companies to use on fiber-optic lines. Spire delivered 20 prototype optical transceiver modules with LPCs to a Japanese instrument company.




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Company Profile:

Spire’’s research on semiconductors began shortly after the company was started in 1969. The company originally focused on silicon-based materials, particularly for solar cells, and soon after turned its attention to III-V semiconductors. Spire has developed a broad technical expertise in thin film technology for photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Spire has seven metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) reactors including several for processing wafers up to 4 inches. Building on its photovoltaic and solar cell research and MOCVD experience, Spire provides epitaxial compound semiconductor wafers and devices for a broad range of optoelectronic applications including solar cells for satellites, laser power converters, and semiconductor lasers.

Spire trades publicly under the symbol SPIR and has 150 employees.




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Contact Information:



Steve Wojtczuk, Manager of III-V Photovoltaics
Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford MA 01730-2396
Tel:781-275-6000 x379
Fax:781-275-7470

5 KW of modules can be installed on our new tracking system

廉价高精度光源跟踪探测器及应用

一种高精度光源跟踪探测器，它是一种可方便调节精度、灵敏度、输出功率并适应任意光源的跟踪探测器，可用于需要对准光源的工业、农业、民用、科研和军事的自动跟踪和瞄准装置中。
如跟踪式太阳能热水器、开水器、跟踪式太阳灶、太阳能锅炉、太阳能空调、太阳能电站、太阳能高温冶炼炉、太阳能海水淡化装置，太阳能工业废水处理系统、太阳能干燥等领域，及各种光源、红外源自动跟踪和对准器等装置中。
本光源跟踪探测器，它的跟踪精度、跟踪灵敏度、输出功率不依赖于跟踪信号放大器的增益和精度，而是通过调节自身的几何结构和选择光敏器件来达到调节跟踪精度、灵敏度、输出功率和探测范围，是一种被动式跟踪探测器。
本跟踪探测器其特点是廉价、精度高、没有温度漂移、工作稳定、可靠。当本跟踪探测器采用造价低廉结构时，跟踪精度为0.01度时可稳定工作。当本跟踪探测器采用造价较高结构时，跟踪精度为0.001度时可稳定工作。目标的偏差量以输出连续线性电压或电流方式，输出有 +、-、0 三种状态电压或电流值。当跟踪探测器对准光源时输出为0，分别以两个相反方向偏离光源时，输出分别为 + 或 - 值，并且输出值随偏离光源角的增加而增加。在0偏离角附近，输出值随偏离角变化较快，因此探测器的灵敏度较高。若偏差量为输出电压方式，并定为 △Uo:
△Uo = K B sin △α





K：为跟踪探测器结构参数 (mV/lux)，B: 为照度（lux）,△α：为偏离角。
由于本跟踪探测器不需要外加电源，因此就消除了因电源电压变化而引起的输出0点漂移和输出偏差值不稳定现象，使跟踪探测器精度和稳定性都很高，并且结构简单，调节方便。
本跟踪探测器灵敏度：
高精度型灵敏度可达10伏/度，或更高；内阻小于100欧姆，其跟踪精度小于千分之一度。可用于军事、科研等需要高精度跟踪方面。
廉价低精度型灵敏度高于0.1伏/度；内阻小于300欧姆，其跟踪精度小于十分之一度。可用于工业、民用等需要低精度跟踪方面，例如太阳能方面的应用、安全防范领域监控目标的自动跟踪。
本发明与光学系统结合，并采用高灵敏度光敏器件可应用于军事上不被敌方发现的被动式自动跟踪和瞄准装置。例如：红外被动式跟踪防空高炮指挥仪、红外被动式跟踪空对空和地对空导弹等。
应用实例
1: 采用跟踪探测器设计的多功能太阳能热水器
该太阳能热水器是采用柱型抛物面反射镜将阳光聚焦后，照射到真空管集热器上，真空管的轴向中心设在抛物面的焦点上，柱型抛物面跟踪太阳绕焦点转动，使高能流光始终照射在真空管上。因此真空管升温很快可产生蒸汽，可高效率的利用太阳能，使太阳能热水器的功能提高，可产生蒸汽、开水和热水。该太阳能热水器的结构如下图所示：
   
   该太阳能热水器的特点是水温高，即使在寒冷的冬季，在短时间内也能将水箱的水加热到100度，因此该太阳能热水器可作为开水器。这些突出的优点是目前其他类型的太阳能热水器所做不到的。
若柱型抛物面反射镜的面积足够大，在压力水箱内可产生高压、高温蒸汽。高压、高温蒸汽可用于空调、发电等高层次的利用。
2: 高效太阳能发电装置
该太阳能发电装置是在抛物面反射镜的焦点（焦点温度可达1000度以上）上设置一个太阳能发电器（例如钠离子管发电器、聚焦式太阳电池等）。由全向光源跟踪探测器控制跟踪驱动装置，再由跟踪驱动装置控制抛物面反射镜精确的跟踪太阳，实现高效太阳能发电。
由于太阳能发电装置用的抛物面反射镜精度很高，焦点直径一般小于50cm，才能获得1000度以上的高温，因此要求跟踪驱动装置的精度也很高。目前国外的高精度跟踪驱动装置价格昂贵，不能推广应用。而采用该光源跟踪探测器组成的控制跟踪驱动装置的价格很低，价格只有国外的几百分之一，因此可使高效太阳能发电装置得以推广应用。
下图是跟踪驱动装置的示意图。









控制驱动的方式可采用多种形式，下面举出一由单片机组成的高精度控制电路例子。











如上图所示，端子X Y 是全向光源跟踪探测器的水平方位角偏差信号，Z 是垂直方位角偏差信号。这2个偏差信号经精密运算放大器TLC27L7放大后（根据跟踪精度来确定放大倍数K）, 送入PIC16C711单片机的A口，经PIC16C711内部A/D转换器转换成数字信号，由软件设定启动电机跟踪角度值和其他功能（例如：昼夜控制、阴雨天控制、过云控制、大风控制等）。 PIC16C711的B口输出跟踪控制信号，该信号放大后驱动继电器，再由功率继电器控制抛物面反射镜水平和垂直转动的电机。因为太阳移动很慢，电机的转速变比应在10000以上，高的转速比可以大大减小电机的功率。
该电路采用廉价的跟踪探测器，其跟踪精度可达0.01度或更高。若要求跟踪精度超过0.001度，应采用高精度的跟踪探测器。
3．太阳能高温熔炉
若旋转抛物面反射镜的开口足够大，焦点温度可达一万度以上，这一温度可以熔化目前所发现的一切物质，因此采用该方法可以制造一种高温太阳能溶炉来溶化一些难以熔化的特殊物质。并且不需要其他能源和没有污染。
4．高效太阳能中央空调
目前太阳能中央空调一般利用循环水吸收太阳能，热循环水加热常规溴化锂空调机组，代替加热燃油，可节约大量燃油，并且可大大减轻对环境的污染。
太阳能中央空调在欧洲应用较多，在中国山东省某地建立了一座太阳能中央空调，其采光面积540平方米，制冷量100千瓦。该太阳能中央空调采用常规溴化锂机组，热管真空管阵列吸收太阳能，将循环水加热到90度作为溴化锂机组的加热源。由于水温较低，该太阳能中央空调的制冷效率也较低。
溴化锂机组的加热温度在160度时可达到最高制冷效率，采用上述大面积抛物面反射镜太阳能热水器很容易所产生160度的高压、高温水蒸汽，作为溴化锂机组的加热源，可大大提高太阳能中央空调的制冷效率。
若将高效太阳能中央空调安装在一栋6层24户住宅楼顶上，楼顶的有效采光面积约300多平方米，制冷量（或制热量）在晴天时可达150多千瓦，平均每户的制冷量（或制热量）可达6.25千瓦以上，完全可满足一般家庭的需要。
若将吸收太阳能的循环水用高温导热油来替换，在高温热交换过程中不产生气化过程，没有高耗能气化潜热的能量损耗，可大大降低能耗，可进一步的提高太阳能中央空调的制冷效率。该方法特别适用于中、小型溴化锂“中央空调”。 制冷量10KW左右的太阳能、燃油（或燃气）小型溴化锂中央空调由于其高效节能、使用方便，是今后发展的方向。
5．高效太阳能海水淡化
依先进的新型高效“聚焦型真空热管油集热器”跟踪太阳，高效率的采集太阳能作为淡化海水的能源，采用循环水二次热交换技术加热海水、再用低温多效蒸发技术来蒸馏海水，生产高纯淡水（10ppm）和浓盐水。采用太阳能作为能源来淡化海水的方法，节约常规能源，不给环境带来污染，最贴近于大自然，如同太阳将海洋里的海水蒸发到空中形成雨，再降落下来滋润干渴的大地，使地球上生命能够生存繁衍。
6．高效太阳能工业废水处理
同样也可以用高效“聚焦型真空热管油集热器”采集太阳能作为处理废水处理的能源，采用高温循环油二次热交换技术加热工业废水、再用低温多效蒸发技术来蒸馏工业废水，处理后的工业废水非常干净可以循环使用。用这种方法处理工业废水干净、彻底，可做到零排放。
使用该方法处理工业废水可彻底消除有毒的工业废水，即保护了环境，又救活了污染严重企业。      该方法具有以下特点：
a.彻底消除有毒的工业废水。
b.利用太阳能作为能源处理有毒的工业废水，运行成本低，又不产生2次污染。
c.与目前的工业废水处理设备相比，本发明使用的设备造价低廉。
d.不是用任何化学添加剂，与目前的工业废水处理设备相比运行成本极低。
e.处理后的工业废水变成清洁蒸馏水再利用，或者蒸发掉。
f.用途广泛，可用于造纸厂、印染厂、电镀厂、味精厂、酒厂等有毒的工业废水的处理。
7．高效太阳光地下商场、隧道自然光照明
将聚焦后的太阳光照射到多束光导纤维的输入端，可导入地下商场、隧道内，在光导纤维的输出端用散光镜头导出太阳光用于照明，用太阳光照明对长期工作于地下的人的健康有益，并节省能源。
千万年来地球上所有生命的进化、繁衍全部依赖太阳赐予能量，来自太阳的能量使地球产生了风和雨，周而复始的将大海里的水淡化成清洁的水，从空而将冲刷大地的污垢，净化大自然，滋润大地，灌满江河湖泊，形成良好自然生态环境，生命才能延续。人类借助于大自然的恩赐和自己的努力，在近百年得以飞速的进步，人类为眼前的利益将几千万年以煤炭和石油形式储存在地下太阳能将要消耗殆尽，并给环境带来很大的污染，破坏了生态平衡，威胁到了人类自己的生存。目前人类已经认识了这一点，一边利用自然一边保护自然，并且寻找、开发新的能源。太阳能作为一种清洁、可再生能源，越来越受到人类重视。
由于该“廉价高精度光源跟踪探测器”构思巧妙、结构简单牢固、抗辐射、适应温度范围广、应用广泛、取材加工容易、制造成本低廉。但是，该“廉价高精度光源跟踪探测器”确可以达到极高的探测精度，并且稳定性极高，探测搜索范围大（最大可接近180度），可以做到“零”漂移，要求精度、探测输出量、探测角可以做到量化设计。

请问哪里有聚光电池卖啊？请知道的朋友指点！！
谢谢！！zwx@zwx.cc

美国sunpower公司有卖！日本，德国也有卖。国内山东华森太阳能产业有限公司也有，但不知道卖不卖？

山东华森太阳能产业有限公司是杜撰的吧？我参加这么多年的太阳能产品展览及会议，没见到这个企业。又是搞热水器的？

请说话！

山东华森太阳能产业有限公司是刚成立公司。

see
可是他为何有聚光电池，价格如何？

美国sunpower公司有卖，1000片30USD/片。10.68W/cm2,350倍太阳，效率24%。

美国产效率30%的聚光太阳能电池资料

美国产效率30%的聚光太阳能电池资料2

目前国内正在运行的太阳能聚光电站

请问这是哪个单位研制的产品，性能可否介绍一下，现在有没有生产，价格如何？

山东华森太阳能产业有限公司研制

1000W

我市一企业填补国内聚光太阳能发电产品空白

http://www.e23.com.cn/main/biaoti/031103.htm

山东的孙迎光在此领域似乎很有研究，此项成果应该是他的杰作

最近没人讨论这个话题了？

我做过类似的产品，我觉得市场还不是很大。 他的技术问题并没有得到很好的开发，并且产品价格也不低！